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Paul Painleve Biography |
Paul Painleve (December 5, 1863 at Paris, France-October 29, 1933 at Paris, France) was a French mathematician and politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of the Third Republic: September 12 - November 13, 1917 and April 17 - November 22, 1925.
Early life
Brought up within a family of skilled artisans (his father was a draughtsman) Painlevé showed early promise across the range of elementary studies and was initially attracted by either an engineering or political career. However, he finally entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1883 to study mathematics, receiving his doctorate in 1887 following a period of study at Göttingen, Germany with Felix Klein and Herrmann Amandus Schwarz. Intending an academic career he became professor at Lisle, returning to Paris in 1892 to teach at the Sorbonne, École Polytechnique and later at the College de France and the École Normale Supérieure . He was elected a member fo the Académie des Sciences in 1900.
He married Marguerite Petit de Villeneuve in 1901. Marguerite died during the birth of their son in the following year.
Painlevé's mathematical work on differential equations led him to encounter their application to the theory of flight and, as ever, his broad interest in engineering topics fostered an enthusiasm for the emerging field of aviation. In 1908, he became Wilbur Wright's first airplane passenger in France and in 1909 created the first university course in aeronautics.
Mathematical work
It is well known that differential equations can be solved using the elementary algebraic operations and trigonometric and exponential functions (sometimes called elementary transcendental functions. It is further known that all linear second order differential equations can be solved using these functions plus the special functions ( sometimes called higher transcendental functions). Painlevé showed, that in order to solve nonlinear first order differential equations, all that was needed in addition was 12, at that point unspecified, functions subsequently named Painlevé transcendents.
First period as French Prime Minister
Painlevé took his aviation interests, along with those in naval and military matters, with him when he became, in 1906, Deputy for Paris's fifth arrondissement, the so-called Latin Quarter. By 1910, he had vacated his academic posts and World War I led to his active participation in military committees, joining Aristide Briand's cabinet in 1915 as Minister for Public Instruction and Inventions.
On his appointment as War Minister in March 1917 he was immediately called upon to give his approval, albeit with some misgivings, to Robert Georges Nivelle's wildly optimistic plans for a breakthrough offensive in Champagne. Painlevé reacted to the disastrous public failure of the plan by dismissing Nivelle and controversially replacing him with Henri Philippe Pétain.
On September 7, 1917, Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot lost the support of the Socialists and Painlevé was called upon to form a new government.
Painlevé was a leading voice at the Rapallo conference which led to the establishment of the Supreme Allied Council, a consultative body of allied powers that anticipated the unified allied command finally established in the following year. He appointed Ferdinand Foch as French representative knowing that he was the natural allied commander. On Painlevé's return to Paris he was defeated and resigned on November 13, 1917 to be succeeded by Georges Clemenceau. Foch was finally made commander in chief of all Allied armies on the Western and Italian fronts in May 1918.
Second period as French Prime Minister
Painlevé then played little active role in politics until the election of November 1919 when he emerged as a leftist critic of the right-wing Bloc National. By the time the next election approached in May 1924 his collaboration with Edouard Herriot, a fellow member of Briand's 1915 cabinet, had led to the formation of the Cartel des Gauches. Winning the election, Herriot became Prime Minister in June, while Painlevé became President of the Chamber of Deputies. Though Painlevé ran for President of France in 1924 he was defeated by Gaston Doumergue. Herriot's administration publicly recognised the Soviet Union, accepted the Dawes plan and agreed to evacuate the Ruhr. However, a financial crisis arose from the ensuing devaluation of the Franc and in April 1925, Herriot fell and Painlevé became Prime Minister for a second time on April 17. Unfortunately, he was unable to offer convincing remedies for the financial problems and was forced to resign on November 21.
Later political career
Following Painlevé's resignation, Briand formed a new government with Painlevé as Minister for War. Though Briand was defeated by Raymond Poincaré in 1926, Painlevé continued in office. Poincaré stabilised the Franc with a return to the gold standard, but ultimately acceeded power to Briand. Painlevé remained in office as Minister for War until July 1929.
Though he was proposed for President of France in 1932, Painlevé withdrew before the election. He became Minister of Air later that year, making proposals for an international treaty to ban the manufacture of bomber aircraft and to establish an international airforce to enforce global peace. On the fall of the government in January 1933, his political career ended. He died in Paris in October of the same year.
Painlevé's First Government, 12 September - 16 November 1917
Paul Painlevé - President of the Council and Minister of War
Alexandre Ribot - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Louis Loucheur - Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing
Théodore Steeg - Minister of the Interior
Louis Lucien Klotz - Minister of Finance
André Renard - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
Raoul Péret - Minister of Justice
Charles Chaumet - Minister of Marine
Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Fernand David - Minister of Agriculture
Maurice Long - Minister of General Supply
René Besnard - Minister of Colonies
Albert Claveille - Minister of Public Works and Transport
Étienne Clémentel - Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
Louis Barthou - Minister of State
Léon Bourgeois - Minister of State
Paul Doumer - Minister of State
Jean Dupuy - Minister of State
Changes
27 September 1917 - Henry Franklin-Bouillon enters the ministry as Minister of State.
23 October 1917 - Louis Barthou succeeds Ribot as Minister of Foreign Affairs
Painlevé's Second Ministry, 17 April - 29 October 1925
Paul Painlevé - President of the Council and Minister of War
Aristide Briand - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Abraham Schrameck - Minister of the Interior
Joseph Caillaux - Minister of Finance
Antoine Durafour - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
Théodore Steeg - Minister of Justice
Émile Borel - Minister of Marine
Anatole de Monzie - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
Louis Antériou - Minister of Pensions
Jean Durand - Minister of Agriculture
Orly André-Hesse - Minister of Colonies
Pierre Laval - Minister of Public Works
Charles Chaumet - Minister of Commerce and Industry
Changes
11 October 1925 - Anatole de Monzie succeeds Steeg as Minister of Justice. Yvon Delbos succeeds Monzie as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts.
Painlevé's Third Ministry, 29 October - 28 November 1925
Paul Painlevé - President of the Council and Minister of Finance
Aristide Briand - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Édouard Daladier - Minister of War
Abraham Schrameck - Minister of the Interior
Georges Bonnet - Minister of Budget
Antoine Durafour - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
Camille Chautemps - Minister of Justice
Émile Borel - Minister of Marine
Yvon Delbos - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
Louis Antériou - Minister of Pensions
Jean Durand - Minister of Agriculture
Léon Perrier - Minister of Colonies
Anatole de Monazie - Minister of Public Works
Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Commerce and Industry |
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